Situational Decision-Making (Sit-D)

The evaluation found that the training was:

• Designed to challenge assumptions on the job. Sit-D aims to improve public safety and reduce excessive police use of force through a high-impact intervention that teaches officers to question their default thinking and assumptions when assessing a stressful environment. In particular, it teaches officers how to avoid cognitive biases, so they can proactively consider multiple interpretations of these situations, instead of acting on the basis of their default assumptions.
• Aimed at improving decision-making in real-time. Most approaches to police reform emphasize individual officer accountability or improving department policies to address problematic actors. While those efforts are crucial, they aren’t enough on their own. Sit-D provides officers with decision-making tools to navigate stressful situations and prevent adverse outcomes before they occur.
• More engaging and comprehensive. Whereas most police trainings are delivered through lectures over one or two days, Sit-D is delivered in small classes and short sessions over several months. It employs a mix of lectures, scenario-based simulation, and peer discussion to increase engagement.

Read more about the program below.

Both the content and structure of Sit-D are unique for a law enforcement training. The training content is designed to help officers navigate high-stakes situations, which tend to be ambiguous and difficult to diagnose. Decades of psychology research tell us that in these types of situations, people naturally let their intuitive assumptions guide their actions, instead of thinking proactively and considering multiple possibilities. The Sit-D training provides tools that officers can use to consider alternative interpretations of a situation before they settle too quickly on a course of action.

Whereas most police trainings occur in one several-hour block or over one or two days, Sit-D was designed to be delivered in a sequence of sessions over a period of several months to increase officers’ retention of the material. The course employs a mix of lecture, discussion, and simulator exercises to teach officers situational awareness, continuous assessment, and emotional regulation. The training does not tell officers what they should or should not do during specific incidents. Instead, it teaches officers to recognize situations where they may be likely to use mental shortcuts (like over-generalizing based on their past experiences) and it shows officers how these types of thinking traps can interfere with how they assess the situation.

Officers then practice using the time they have to consider multiple interpretations as difficult situations unfold. Key course concepts are introduced during classroom lectures and put into practice during simulator exercises. This allows officers to practice their critical thinking and assessment skills in a safe environment prior to applying the skills in the field. Upon conclusion of practice scenarios, in-depth debriefs facilitate discussions of the assumptions officers made and how those assumptions influenced responses and outcomes.

The Results

Sit-D shows evidence-based trainings can improve policing. The study’s authors evaluated the pilot of the Sit-D program using a randomized controlled trial of CPD officers from 2020 to 2021, and found that it resulted in:

• Fewer uses of force and discretionary arrests. Sit-D trained officers were 23% less likely to use force. The training also led to a 23% reduction in discretionary arrests, a category that includes charges such as disorderly conduct and obstructing an officer – minor offenses that can be viewed as unnecessary and arbitrary, while holding little public safety value.
• Fewer racial disparities in policing. Sit-D reduced overall arrests of Black individuals by 11%. In other words, teaching officers to recognize and avoid cognitive biases has the potential to reduce racial disparities in policing.
• No drop in other policing activity. The study observed no change in an array of other police activities (e.g., firearm recoveries, drivers’ stops, warrants and citations).
• Fewer officer injuries. Sit-D also led to a 49% reduction in days off officers took due to injuries. In fact, the cost savings from this reduction in injuries alone more than offsets the cost of the training. And given a host of other benefits to the training (e.g., fewer physical or psychological costs to the community from arrests and uses of force), this suggests the training is cost effective.
• More confidence and better stress management. Officers who completed the training reported greater confidence and demonstrated changes in how they regulate emotions and the strategies they use to cope with stress.

To learn more about these results, please contact Daniel Kim, at daniel.kim@uchicago.edu.